From 21a5c9d9c6daf9b3eae8634e73f0c5e3f46486c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vini Antunes <57882903+ViniViniAntunes@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Oct 2025 18:50:34 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 01/16] Create magnetic_flux.py

Add magnetic_flux.py
---
 physics/magnetic_flux.py | 87 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 87 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 physics/magnetic_flux.py

diff --git a/physics/magnetic_flux.py b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b255d848d253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+"""
+Magnetic flux (Φ) is a scalar quantity that measures the number of magnetic field lines (B)
+that pass through a closed area (A). Furthermore, the magnetic flux depends on the angle
+formed between the magnetic field and the normal line (N) in area A. Check out the formula
+used to calculate this flux:
+ ------------
+ | Φ = B.A.cos(θ) |
+ ------------
+
+Φ = magnetic flux (weber (Wb) or tesla square meter (T.m²))
+B = magnetic field (tesla (T))
+A = area (square meter (m²))
+θ = angle between magnetic field and normal line (degrees (°))
+
+(Description adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_law )
+"""
+
+from math import cos, radians as deg_to_rad
+
+
+def check_args(
+        magnetic_field: float,
+        area: float,
+        angle: float
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Check that the arguments are valid
+    """
+
+    # Ensure valid instance
+    if not isinstance(magnetic_field, (int, float)):
+        raise TypeError("Invalid magnetic field. Should be an integer or float.")
+
+    if not isinstance(area, (int, float)):
+        raise TypeError("Invalid area. Should be an integer or float.")
+
+    if not isinstance(angle, (int, float)):
+        raise TypeError("Invalid angle. Should be an integer or float.")
+    
+    # Ensure valid angle
+    if angle < 0 or angle > 180:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid angle. Range is 0-180 degrees.")
+    
+    # Ensure valid magnetic field
+    if magnetic_field < 0:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid magnetic field. Should be a positive number.")
+
+    # Ensure valid area
+    if area < 0:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid area. Should be a positive number.")
+
+
+def magnetic_flux(
+        magnetic_field: float,
+        area: float,
+        angle: float
+) -> float:
+    """
+    >>> magnetic_flux(50.0, 2, 0.0)
+    250.0
+    >>> magnetic_flux(1.5, 3.0, 60.0)
+    2.25
+    >>> magnetic_flux(1.5, 3.0, -60.0)
+    2.25
+    >>> magnetic_flux(0.5, 4.0, 90.0)
+    0.0
+    >>> magnetic_flux(1, 2.0, 180.0)
+    -2.0
+    >>> magnetic_flux(-1.0, 2.0, 30.0)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ... ValueError: Invalid magnetic field. Should be a positive number.
+    >>> magnetic_flux(1.0, 'a', 30.0)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ... TypeError: Invalid area. Should be an integer or float.
+    >>> magnetic_flux(1.0, -2.0, 30.0)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+    ... ValueError: Invalid area. Should be a positive number.
+    """
+    check_args(magnetic_field, area, angle)
+    radians = deg_to_rad(angle)
+    return magnetic_field * area * cos(radians)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    from doctest import testmod
+
+    testmod()

From ccb3e926a2bbb43e88e9b32c28eac404c46ff293 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Oct 2025 22:00:38 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 02/16] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 physics/magnetic_flux.py | 16 ++++------------
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/magnetic_flux.py b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
index b255d848d253..538230857f0c 100644
--- a/physics/magnetic_flux.py
+++ b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
@@ -18,11 +18,7 @@
 from math import cos, radians as deg_to_rad
 
 
-def check_args(
-        magnetic_field: float,
-        area: float,
-        angle: float
-) -> None:
+def check_args(magnetic_field: float, area: float, angle: float) -> None:
     """
     Check that the arguments are valid
     """
@@ -36,11 +32,11 @@ def check_args(
 
     if not isinstance(angle, (int, float)):
         raise TypeError("Invalid angle. Should be an integer or float.")
-    
+
     # Ensure valid angle
     if angle < 0 or angle > 180:
         raise ValueError("Invalid angle. Range is 0-180 degrees.")
-    
+
     # Ensure valid magnetic field
     if magnetic_field < 0:
         raise ValueError("Invalid magnetic field. Should be a positive number.")
@@ -50,11 +46,7 @@ def check_args(
         raise ValueError("Invalid area. Should be a positive number.")
 
 
-def magnetic_flux(
-        magnetic_field: float,
-        area: float,
-        angle: float
-) -> float:
+def magnetic_flux(magnetic_field: float, area: float, angle: float) -> float:
     """
     >>> magnetic_flux(50.0, 2, 0.0)
     250.0

From ce63ace742d45a2366d7118136eb5dd2af3cb2a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vini Antunes <57882903+ViniViniAntunes@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Oct 2025 19:11:05 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 03/16] Update magnetic_flux.py

Fix the test string mode
---
 physics/magnetic_flux.py | 8 +++-----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/magnetic_flux.py b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
index b255d848d253..83224e93318b 100644
--- a/physics/magnetic_flux.py
+++ b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
@@ -57,11 +57,9 @@ def magnetic_flux(
 ) -> float:
     """
     >>> magnetic_flux(50.0, 2, 0.0)
-    250.0
-    >>> magnetic_flux(1.5, 3.0, 60.0)
-    2.25
-    >>> magnetic_flux(1.5, 3.0, -60.0)
-    2.25
+    100.0
+    >>> magnetic_flux(50, 2, 60.0)
+    50.0
     >>> magnetic_flux(0.5, 4.0, 90.0)
     0.0
     >>> magnetic_flux(1, 2.0, 180.0)

From 78aba635ac8d731962f8993325b1253bfcbc13bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vini Antunes <57882903+ViniViniAntunes@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Oct 2025 22:33:35 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 04/16] Update magnetic_flux.py

Fix test mode string
---
 physics/magnetic_flux.py | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/magnetic_flux.py b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
index 538230857f0c..fc950b10ee74 100644
--- a/physics/magnetic_flux.py
+++ b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
@@ -49,11 +49,9 @@ def check_args(magnetic_field: float, area: float, angle: float) -> None:
 def magnetic_flux(magnetic_field: float, area: float, angle: float) -> float:
     """
     >>> magnetic_flux(50.0, 2, 0.0)
-    250.0
+    100.0
     >>> magnetic_flux(1.5, 3.0, 60.0)
     2.25
-    >>> magnetic_flux(1.5, 3.0, -60.0)
-    2.25
     >>> magnetic_flux(0.5, 4.0, 90.0)
     0.0
     >>> magnetic_flux(1, 2.0, 180.0)

From 68edbdbc4a88593be41da74f2c0e7cb842e0968b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vini Antunes <57882903+ViniViniAntunes@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Oct 2025 22:45:44 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 05/16] Update magnetic_flux.py

Fitting to ruff.yml
---
 physics/magnetic_flux.py | 16 ++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/magnetic_flux.py b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
index 83224e93318b..87f716e4e641 100644
--- a/physics/magnetic_flux.py
+++ b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 """
-Magnetic flux (Φ) is a scalar quantity that measures the number of magnetic field lines (B)
-that pass through a closed area (A). Furthermore, the magnetic flux depends on the angle
-formed between the magnetic field and the normal line (N) in area A. Check out the formula
-used to calculate this flux:
+________________________________________________________________________________________
+Magnetic flux (Φ) is a scalar quantity that measures the number of magnetic field
+lines (B) that pass through a closed area (A). Furthermore, the magnetic flux depends
+on the angle formed between the magnetic field and the normal line (N) in area A.
+Check out the formula used to calculate this flux:
  ------------
  | Φ = B.A.cos(θ) |
  ------------
@@ -15,8 +16,7 @@
 (Description adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_gas_law )
 """
 
-from math import cos, radians as deg_to_rad
-
+from math import cos, radians
 
 def check_args(
         magnetic_field: float,
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ def magnetic_flux(
     ... ValueError: Invalid area. Should be a positive number.
     """
     check_args(magnetic_field, area, angle)
-    radians = deg_to_rad(angle)
-    return magnetic_field * area * cos(radians)
+    rad = radians(angle)
+    return magnetic_field * area * cos(rad)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

From ce697974d0458c7dbb120620987fee69c3e72569 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 5 Oct 2025 01:51:32 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 06/16] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 physics/magnetic_flux.py | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/physics/magnetic_flux.py b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
index 6d6c4d965ead..f152c66ca9ea 100644
--- a/physics/magnetic_flux.py
+++ b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 from math import cos, radians
 
+
 def check_args(magnetic_field: float, area: float, angle: float) -> None:
     """
     Check that the arguments are valid

From 0055eba425a21977c220f82cb5a544862993f8a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vini Antunes <57882903+ViniViniAntunes@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Oct 2025 22:56:26 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 07/16] Update magnetic_flux.py

Round output
---
 physics/magnetic_flux.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/physics/magnetic_flux.py b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
index 6d6c4d965ead..e82012b96a1f 100644
--- a/physics/magnetic_flux.py
+++ b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def magnetic_flux(magnetic_field: float, area: float, angle: float) -> float:
     """
     check_args(magnetic_field, area, angle)
     rad = radians(angle)
-    return magnetic_field * area * cos(rad)
+    return round(magnetic_field * area * cos(rad), 1)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

From ca645a4729d7301f3bc3830f7ac8255127d44046 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vini Antunes <57882903+ViniViniAntunes@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Oct 2025 23:08:32 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 08/16] Update magnetic_flux.py

Fixing testmod string
---
 physics/magnetic_flux.py | 9 ++++++---
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/magnetic_flux.py b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
index e82012b96a1f..af5613fdacef 100644
--- a/physics/magnetic_flux.py
+++ b/physics/magnetic_flux.py
@@ -58,13 +58,16 @@ def magnetic_flux(magnetic_field: float, area: float, angle: float) -> float:
     -2.0
     >>> magnetic_flux(-1.0, 2.0, 30.0)
     Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ... ValueError: Invalid magnetic field. Should be a positive number.
+        ...
+    ValueError: Invalid magnetic field. Should be a positive number.
     >>> magnetic_flux(1.0, 'a', 30.0)
     Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ... TypeError: Invalid area. Should be an integer or float.
+        ...
+    TypeError: Invalid area. Should be an integer or float.
     >>> magnetic_flux(1.0, -2.0, 30.0)
     Traceback (most recent call last):
-    ... ValueError: Invalid area. Should be a positive number.
+        ...
+    ValueError: Invalid area. Should be a positive number.
     """
     check_args(magnetic_field, area, angle)
     rad = radians(angle)

From 89e36b3cadfa702928bd6c5cd998f34fd043fc8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vini Antunes <vinicius.aoliveira@yduqs.com.br>
Date: Mon, 6 Oct 2025 11:23:37 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 09/16] Add first_law_of_thermodynamics.py

---
 physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py | 151 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 151 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py

diff --git a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1c490de28704
--- /dev/null
+++ b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+"""
+________________________________________________________________________________________
+The first law of thermodynamics states that, when energy passes into or out of a system
+(as work, heat, or matter), the system's internal energy changes in accordance with the
+law of conservation of energy. This also results in the observation that, in an
+externally isolated system, even with internal changes, the sum of all forms of energy
+must remain constant, as energy cannot be created or destroyed.
+
+Check out the formula used to calculate this flux:
+ --------------
+ | Q = ΔU + W |
+ --------------
+
+Q = heat added or removed from the system.
+ΔU = variation of internal energy of the system.
+W = work done by the system on its surroundings.
+
+OBS: All units must be equal to each other.
+(Description adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics )
+"""
+
+
+def check_args(argument: float) -> None:
+    """
+    Check that the arguments are valid
+    """
+
+    # Ensure valid instance
+    if not isinstance(argument, (int, float)):
+        raise TypeError("Invalid argument. Should be an integer or float.")
+
+
+def categorize_system(argument_value: float, argument_name: str) -> None:
+    """
+    Categorizes the system based on the work done, heat added/removed,
+    and internal energy variation.
+    """
+
+    if argument_name == "work":
+        if argument_value == 0:
+            print("The system is isochoric (constant volume).")
+        elif argument_value > 0:
+            print("The system is expanding.")
+        elif argument_value < 0:
+            print("The system is compressing.")
+    
+    elif argument_name == "heat":
+        if argument_value == 0:
+            print("The system is adiabatic (no heat exchange).")
+        elif argument_value > 0:
+            print("The system is endothermic (absorbing heat).")
+        elif argument_value < 0:
+            print("The system is exothermic (releasing heat).")
+    
+    elif argument_name == "internal_energy_variation":
+        if argument_value == 0:
+            print("The system is isothermic (constant internal energy)")
+        elif argument_value > 0:
+            print("The internal energy of the system is increasing. It heating up.")
+        elif argument_value < 0:
+            print("The internal energy of the system is decreasing. It cooling down.")
+
+
+def work(heat: float, internal_energy_variation: float) -> float:
+    """
+    >>> work(50.0, -20.0)
+    The system is endothermic (absorbing heat).
+    The internal energy of the system is decreasing. It cooling down.
+    The system is expanding.
+    70.0
+    >>> work(50.0, 50.0)
+    The system is endothermic (absorbing heat).
+    The internal energy of the system is increasing. It heating up.
+    The system is isochoric (constant volume).
+    0.0
+    >>> work(-50.0, 20.0)
+    The system is exothermic (releasing heat).
+    The internal energy of the system is increasing. It heating up.
+    The system is compressing.
+    -70.0
+    """
+    check_args(heat)
+    check_args(internal_energy_variation)
+
+    categorize_system(heat, "heat")
+    categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
+    
+    work = heat - internal_energy_variation
+    categorize_system(work, "work")
+    return round(work, 1)
+
+def heat(internal_energy_variation: float, work: float) -> float:
+    """
+    >>> heat(-20.0, 30.0)
+    The internal energy of the system is decreasing. It cooling down.
+    The system is expanding.
+    The system is endothermic (absorbing heat).
+    10.0
+    >>> heat(50.0, 0.0)
+    The internal energy of the system is increasing. It heating up.
+    The system is isochoric (constant volume).
+    The system is endothermic (absorbing heat).
+    50.0
+    >>> heat(20.0, -70.0)
+    The internal energy of the system is increasing. It heating up.
+    The system is compressing.
+    The system is exothermic (releasing heat).
+    -50.0
+    """
+    check_args(internal_energy_variation)
+    check_args(work)
+
+    categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
+    categorize_system(work, "work")
+    
+    heat = round(internal_energy_variation + work, 1)
+    categorize_system(heat, "heat")
+    return heat
+
+def internal_energy_variation(heat: float, work: float) -> float:
+    """
+    >>> internal_energy_variation(50.0, 30.0)
+    The system is endothermic (absorbing heat).
+    The system is expanding.
+    The internal energy of the system is increasing. It heating up.
+    20.0
+    >>> internal_energy_variation(50.0, 0.0)
+    The system is endothermic (absorbing heat).
+    The system is isochoric (constant volume).
+    The internal energy of the system is increasing. It heating up.
+    50.0
+    >>> internal_energy_variation(-50.0, -70.0)
+    The system is exothermic (releasing heat).
+    The system is compressing.
+    The internal energy of the system is increasing. It heating up.
+    20.0
+    """
+    check_args(heat)
+    check_args(work)
+
+    categorize_system(heat, "heat")
+    categorize_system(work, "work")
+    
+    internal_energy_variation = round(heat - work, 1)
+    categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
+    return internal_energy_variation
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    from doctest import testmod
+
+    testmod()

From d53a1d83fc18d0a13c70c8426961ca65ac4aafaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Oct 2025 14:32:06 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 10/16] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py | 13 ++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
index 1c490de28704..cd5dfda4a9cd 100644
--- a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
+++ b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def categorize_system(argument_value: float, argument_name: str) -> None:
             print("The system is expanding.")
         elif argument_value < 0:
             print("The system is compressing.")
-    
+
     elif argument_name == "heat":
         if argument_value == 0:
             print("The system is adiabatic (no heat exchange).")
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ def categorize_system(argument_value: float, argument_name: str) -> None:
             print("The system is endothermic (absorbing heat).")
         elif argument_value < 0:
             print("The system is exothermic (releasing heat).")
-    
+
     elif argument_name == "internal_energy_variation":
         if argument_value == 0:
             print("The system is isothermic (constant internal energy)")
@@ -84,11 +84,12 @@ def work(heat: float, internal_energy_variation: float) -> float:
 
     categorize_system(heat, "heat")
     categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
-    
+
     work = heat - internal_energy_variation
     categorize_system(work, "work")
     return round(work, 1)
 
+
 def heat(internal_energy_variation: float, work: float) -> float:
     """
     >>> heat(-20.0, 30.0)
@@ -112,11 +113,12 @@ def heat(internal_energy_variation: float, work: float) -> float:
 
     categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
     categorize_system(work, "work")
-    
+
     heat = round(internal_energy_variation + work, 1)
     categorize_system(heat, "heat")
     return heat
 
+
 def internal_energy_variation(heat: float, work: float) -> float:
     """
     >>> internal_energy_variation(50.0, 30.0)
@@ -140,11 +142,12 @@ def internal_energy_variation(heat: float, work: float) -> float:
 
     categorize_system(heat, "heat")
     categorize_system(work, "work")
-    
+
     internal_energy_variation = round(heat - work, 1)
     categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
     return internal_energy_variation
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     from doctest import testmod
 

From 96529481e0a9629cb04ac997b3393f82ec37ade4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vini Antunes <vinicius.aoliveira@yduqs.com.br>
Date: Mon, 6 Oct 2025 11:35:17 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 11/16] Fix typo

---
 physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py | 34 +++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
index 1c490de28704..cda04e40f091 100644
--- a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
+++ b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 """
 
 
-def check_args(argument: float) -> None:
+def __check_args(argument: float) -> None:
     """
     Check that the arguments are valid
     """
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def check_args(argument: float) -> None:
         raise TypeError("Invalid argument. Should be an integer or float.")
 
 
-def categorize_system(argument_value: float, argument_name: str) -> None:
+def __categorize_system(argument_value: float, argument_name: str) -> None:
     """
     Categorizes the system based on the work done, heat added/removed,
     and internal energy variation.
@@ -79,14 +79,14 @@ def work(heat: float, internal_energy_variation: float) -> float:
     The system is compressing.
     -70.0
     """
-    check_args(heat)
-    check_args(internal_energy_variation)
+    __check_args(heat)
+    __check_args(internal_energy_variation)
 
-    categorize_system(heat, "heat")
-    categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
+    __categorize_system(heat, "heat")
+    __categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
     
     work = heat - internal_energy_variation
-    categorize_system(work, "work")
+    __categorize_system(work, "work")
     return round(work, 1)
 
 def heat(internal_energy_variation: float, work: float) -> float:
@@ -107,14 +107,14 @@ def heat(internal_energy_variation: float, work: float) -> float:
     The system is exothermic (releasing heat).
     -50.0
     """
-    check_args(internal_energy_variation)
-    check_args(work)
+    __check_args(internal_energy_variation)
+    __check_args(work)
 
-    categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
-    categorize_system(work, "work")
+    __categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
+    __categorize_system(work, "work")
     
     heat = round(internal_energy_variation + work, 1)
-    categorize_system(heat, "heat")
+    __categorize_system(heat, "heat")
     return heat
 
 def internal_energy_variation(heat: float, work: float) -> float:
@@ -135,14 +135,14 @@ def internal_energy_variation(heat: float, work: float) -> float:
     The internal energy of the system is increasing. It heating up.
     20.0
     """
-    check_args(heat)
-    check_args(work)
+    __check_args(heat)
+    __check_args(work)
 
-    categorize_system(heat, "heat")
-    categorize_system(work, "work")
+    __categorize_system(heat, "heat")
+    __categorize_system(work, "work")
     
     internal_energy_variation = round(heat - work, 1)
-    categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
+    __categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
     return internal_energy_variation
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

From 507b41c454839abef619b31b02b8a7ea2e08d775 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Oct 2025 14:38:10 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 12/16] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
index bd20f3dc802e..1d8df9215ace 100644
--- a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
+++ b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ def work(heat: float, internal_energy_variation: float) -> float:
 
     __categorize_system(heat, "heat")
     __categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
-    
+
     work = heat - internal_energy_variation
     __categorize_system(work, "work")
     return round(work, 1)
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def heat(internal_energy_variation: float, work: float) -> float:
 
     __categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
     __categorize_system(work, "work")
-    
+
     heat = round(internal_energy_variation + work, 1)
     __categorize_system(heat, "heat")
     return heat
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def internal_energy_variation(heat: float, work: float) -> float:
 
     __categorize_system(heat, "heat")
     __categorize_system(work, "work")
-    
+
     internal_energy_variation = round(heat - work, 1)
     __categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
     return internal_energy_variation

From 2d2935cd8aa5a044a3c2adf2de11f3035b19b827 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vini Antunes <vinicius.aoliveira@yduqs.com.br>
Date: Mon, 6 Oct 2025 11:48:52 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 13/16] Fix testmod string

---
 physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py | 22 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
index bd20f3dc802e..adb842f501f3 100644
--- a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
+++ b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
@@ -22,7 +22,13 @@
 
 def __check_args(argument: float) -> None:
     """
-    Check that the arguments are valid
+    Check that the arguments are valid.
+    >>> __check_args(50.0)
+    >>> __check_args(-20)
+    >>> __check_args("50")
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    TypeError: Invalid argument. Should be an integer or float.
     """
 
     # Ensure valid instance
@@ -34,6 +40,16 @@ def __categorize_system(argument_value: float, argument_name: str) -> None:
     """
     Categorizes the system based on the work done, heat added/removed,
     and internal energy variation.
+    >>> __categorize_system(0, "work")
+    The system is isochoric (constant volume).
+    >>> __categorize_system(50, "heat")
+    The system is endothermic (absorbing heat).
+    >>> __categorize_system(-20, "internal_energy_variation")
+    The internal energy of the system is decreasing. It cooling down.
+    >>> __categorize_system(10, "invalid")
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    ValueError: Invalid argument name. Should be 'work', 'heat', or 'internal_energy_variation'.
     """
 
     if argument_name == "work":
@@ -60,6 +76,10 @@ def __categorize_system(argument_value: float, argument_name: str) -> None:
         elif argument_value < 0:
             print("The internal energy of the system is decreasing. It cooling down.")
 
+    else:
+        error_type = "Invalid argument name."
+        error_msg = "Should be 'work', 'heat', or 'internal_energy_variation'."
+        raise ValueError(f"{error_type} {error_msg}")
 
 def work(heat: float, internal_energy_variation: float) -> float:
     """

From 56299272ea280812b4fad801353a27e57df4fe45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vini Antunes <vinicius.aoliveira@yduqs.com.br>
Date: Mon, 6 Oct 2025 11:50:57 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 14/16] Fix testmod string

---
 physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
index a1459e60170a..adb842f501f3 100644
--- a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
+++ b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ def work(heat: float, internal_energy_variation: float) -> float:
 
     __categorize_system(heat, "heat")
     __categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
-
+    
     work = heat - internal_energy_variation
     __categorize_system(work, "work")
     return round(work, 1)
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def heat(internal_energy_variation: float, work: float) -> float:
 
     __categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
     __categorize_system(work, "work")
-
+    
     heat = round(internal_energy_variation + work, 1)
     __categorize_system(heat, "heat")
     return heat
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def internal_energy_variation(heat: float, work: float) -> float:
 
     __categorize_system(heat, "heat")
     __categorize_system(work, "work")
-
+    
     internal_energy_variation = round(heat - work, 1)
     __categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
     return internal_energy_variation

From e635166e9eebd7c7f307d5d6a99659fbcfba84c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Oct 2025 14:51:54 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 15/16] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
index adb842f501f3..ad809236570d 100644
--- a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
+++ b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ def __categorize_system(argument_value: float, argument_name: str) -> None:
         error_msg = "Should be 'work', 'heat', or 'internal_energy_variation'."
         raise ValueError(f"{error_type} {error_msg}")
 
+
 def work(heat: float, internal_energy_variation: float) -> float:
     """
     >>> work(50.0, -20.0)
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ def work(heat: float, internal_energy_variation: float) -> float:
 
     __categorize_system(heat, "heat")
     __categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
-    
+
     work = heat - internal_energy_variation
     __categorize_system(work, "work")
     return round(work, 1)
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ def heat(internal_energy_variation: float, work: float) -> float:
 
     __categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
     __categorize_system(work, "work")
-    
+
     heat = round(internal_energy_variation + work, 1)
     __categorize_system(heat, "heat")
     return heat
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ def internal_energy_variation(heat: float, work: float) -> float:
 
     __categorize_system(heat, "heat")
     __categorize_system(work, "work")
-    
+
     internal_energy_variation = round(heat - work, 1)
     __categorize_system(internal_energy_variation, "internal_energy_variation")
     return internal_energy_variation

From e84d0bdda7a4849d175336a67849c7c3b423e094 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vini Antunes <vinicius.aoliveira@yduqs.com.br>
Date: Mon, 6 Oct 2025 12:10:05 -0300
Subject: [PATCH 16/16] Fix testmod string

---
 physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
index adb842f501f3..da10568cec2b 100644
--- a/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
+++ b/physics/first_law_of_thermodynamics.py
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ def __categorize_system(argument_value: float, argument_name: str) -> None:
     >>> __categorize_system(10, "invalid")
     Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
-    ValueError: Invalid argument name. Should be 'work', 'heat', or 'internal_energy_variation'.
+    ValueError: Should be 'work', 'heat', or 'internal_energy_variation'.
     """
 
     if argument_name == "work":
@@ -77,9 +77,7 @@ def __categorize_system(argument_value: float, argument_name: str) -> None:
             print("The internal energy of the system is decreasing. It cooling down.")
 
     else:
-        error_type = "Invalid argument name."
-        error_msg = "Should be 'work', 'heat', or 'internal_energy_variation'."
-        raise ValueError(f"{error_type} {error_msg}")
+        raise ValueError("Should be 'work', 'heat', or 'internal_energy_variation'.")
 
 def work(heat: float, internal_energy_variation: float) -> float:
     """