lpython.cpp

#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <cstdlib>

#define CLI11_HAS_FILESYSTEM 0
#include <bin/CLI11.hpp>

#include <libasr/stacktrace.h>
#include <lpython/pickle.h>
#include <lpython/semantics/python_ast_to_asr.h>
#include <libasr/codegen/asr_to_llvm.h>
#include <libasr/codegen/asr_to_cpp.h>
#include <libasr/codegen/asr_to_c.h>
#include <libasr/codegen/asr_to_py.h>
#include <libasr/codegen/asr_to_x86.h>
#include <libasr/codegen/asr_to_wasm.h>
#include <libasr/codegen/wasm_to_wat.h>
#include <libasr/codegen/wasm_to_x86.h>
#include <libasr/codegen/wasm_to_x64.h>
#include <lpython/python_evaluator.h>
#include <libasr/codegen/evaluator.h>
#include <libasr/pass/pass_manager.h>
#include <libasr/asr_utils.h>
#include <libasr/asr_verify.h>
#include <libasr/modfile.h>
#include <libasr/config.h>
#include <libasr/string_utils.h>
#include <libasr/lsp_interface.h>
#include <lpython/utils.h>
#include <lpython/python_serialization.h>
#include <lpython/parser/tokenizer.h>
#include <lpython/parser/parser.h>

#include <cpp-terminal/terminal.h>
#include <cpp-terminal/prompt0.h>

#ifdef HAVE_BUILD_TO_WASM
    #include <emscripten/emscripten.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LFORTRAN_RAPIDJSON
    #include <rapidjson/document.h>
    #include <rapidjson/stringbuffer.h>
    #include <rapidjson/writer.h>
#endif

extern std::string lcompilers_unique_ID;

namespace {

using LCompilers::endswith;
using LCompilers::CompilerOptions;
using LCompilers::LPython::parse_python_file;

enum class Backend {
    llvm, cpp, c, x86, wasm, wasm_x86, wasm_x64
};


std::string remove_extension(const std::string& filename) {
    size_t lastdot = filename.find_last_of(".");
    if (lastdot == std::string::npos) return filename;
    return filename.substr(0, lastdot);
}

std::string remove_path(const std::string& filename) {
    size_t lastslash = filename.find_last_of("/");
    if (lastslash == std::string::npos) return filename;
    return filename.substr(lastslash+1);
}

std::string get_kokkos_dir()
{
    char *env_p = std::getenv("LFORTRAN_KOKKOS_DIR");
    if (env_p) return env_p;
    std::cerr << "The code C++ generated by the C++ LPython backend uses the Kokkos library" << std::endl;
    std::cerr << "(https://github.com/kokkos/kokkos). Please define the LFORTRAN_KOKKOS_DIR" << std::endl;
    std::cerr << "environment variable to point to the Kokkos installation." << std::endl;
    throw LCompilers::LCompilersException("LFORTRAN_KOKKOS_DIR is not defined");
}

int visualize_json(std::string &astr_data_json, LCompilers::Platform os) {
    using namespace LCompilers;
    std::string file_loc = LCompilers::LPython::generate_visualize_html(astr_data_json);
    std::string open_cmd = "";
    switch (os) {
        case Linux: open_cmd = "xdg-open"; break;
        case Windows: open_cmd = "start"; break;
        case macOS_Intel:
        case macOS_ARM: open_cmd = "open"; break;
        default:
            std::cerr << "Unsupported Platform " << pf2s(os) <<std::endl;
            std::cerr << "Please open file " << file_loc << " manually" <<std::endl;
            return 11;
    }
    std::string cmd = open_cmd + " " + file_loc;
    int err = system(cmd.data());
    if (err) {
        std::cout << "The command '" + cmd + "' failed." << std::endl;
        return 11;
    }
    return 0;
}

#ifdef HAVE_LFORTRAN_LLVM

#endif

int emit_tokens(const std::string &infile, bool line_numbers, const CompilerOptions &compiler_options)
{
    std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
    // Src -> Tokens
    Allocator al(64*1024*1024);
    std::vector<int> toks;
    std::vector<LCompilers::LPython::YYSTYPE> stypes;
    std::vector<LCompilers::Location> locations;
    LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
    auto res = LCompilers::LPython::tokens(al, input, diagnostics, &stypes, &locations);
    LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
    {
        LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
        fl.in_filename = infile;
        lm.files.push_back(fl);
        std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
        lm.init_simple(input);
        lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
    }
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (res.ok) {
        toks = res.result;
    } else {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 1;
    }

    for (size_t i=0; i < toks.size(); i++) {
        std::cout << LCompilers::LPython::pickle_token(toks[i], stypes[i]);
        if (line_numbers) {
            std::cout << " " << locations[i].first << ":" << locations[i].last;
        }
        std::cout << std::endl;
    }
    return 0;
}


int emit_ast(const std::string &infile,
    const std::string &runtime_library_dir,
    CompilerOptions &compiler_options)
{
    Allocator al(4*1024);
    LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*> r = parse_python_file(
        al, runtime_library_dir, infile, diagnostics, 0, compiler_options.new_parser);
    if (diagnostics.diagnostics.size() > 0) {
        LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
        {
            LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
            fl.in_filename = infile;
            lm.files.push_back(fl);
            std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
            lm.init_simple(input);
            lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
        }
        std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    }
    if (!r.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 1;
    }
    LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t* ast = r.result;

    if (compiler_options.tree) {
        std::cout << LCompilers::LPython::pickle_tree_python(*ast,
            compiler_options.use_colors) << std::endl;
    } else if (compiler_options.json) {
        LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
        {
            LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
            fl.in_filename = infile;
            lm.files.push_back(fl);
            std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
            lm.init_simple(input);
            lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
        }
         std::cout << LCompilers::LPython::pickle_json(*ast, lm) << std::endl;
    } else if (compiler_options.visualize) {
        LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
        {
            LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
            fl.in_filename = infile;
            lm.files.push_back(fl);
            std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
            lm.init_simple(input);
            lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
        }
        LCompilers::Result<std::string> r = LCompilers::LPython::pickle_json(*ast, lm);
        return visualize_json(r.result, compiler_options.platform);
    } else {
        std::cout << LCompilers::LPython::pickle_python(*ast,
            compiler_options.use_colors, compiler_options.indent) << std::endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

int emit_asr(const std::string &infile,
    LCompilers::PassManager& pass_manager,
    const std::string &runtime_library_dir,
    bool with_intrinsic_modules, CompilerOptions &compiler_options)
{
    Allocator al(4*1024);
    LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
    LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
    {
        LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
        fl.in_filename = infile;
        lm.files.push_back(fl);
        std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
        lm.init_simple(input);
        lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
    }
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*> r1 = parse_python_file(
        al, runtime_library_dir, infile, diagnostics, 0, compiler_options.new_parser);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r1.ok) {
        return 1;
    }
    LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t* ast = r1.result;

    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        r = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *ast, diagnostics,
            compiler_options, true, "", infile);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 2;
    }
    LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t* asr = r.result;
    LCompilers::PassOptions pass_options;
    pass_options.run_fun = "f";
    pass_options.always_run = true;
    pass_options.verbose = compiler_options.verbose;

    pass_manager.apply_passes(al, asr, pass_options, diagnostics);

    if (compiler_options.tree) {
        std::cout << LCompilers::LPython::pickle_tree(*asr,
            compiler_options.use_colors, with_intrinsic_modules) << std::endl;
    } else if (compiler_options.json) {
         std::cout << LCompilers::LPython::pickle_json(*asr, lm, with_intrinsic_modules) << std::endl;
    } else if (compiler_options.visualize) {
        std::string astr_data_json = LCompilers::LPython::pickle_json(*asr, lm, with_intrinsic_modules);
        return visualize_json(astr_data_json, compiler_options.platform);
    } else {
        std::cout << LCompilers::LPython::pickle(*asr, compiler_options.use_colors,
            compiler_options.indent, with_intrinsic_modules) << std::endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

int emit_cpp(const std::string &infile,
    const std::string &runtime_library_dir,
    CompilerOptions &compiler_options)
{
    Allocator al(4*1024);
    LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
    LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
    {
        LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
        fl.in_filename = infile;
        lm.files.push_back(fl);
        std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
        lm.init_simple(input);
        lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
    }
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*> r = parse_python_file(
        al, runtime_library_dir, infile, diagnostics, 0, compiler_options.new_parser);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r.ok) {
        return 1;
    }
    LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t* ast = r.result;

    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        r1 = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", infile);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r1.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 2;
    }
    LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t* asr = r1.result;

    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    auto res = LCompilers::asr_to_cpp(al, *asr, diagnostics, compiler_options, 0);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!res.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 3;
    }
    std::cout << res.result;
    return 0;
}

int emit_c(const std::string &infile,
    const std::string &runtime_library_dir,
    LCompilers::PassManager& pass_manager,
    CompilerOptions &compiler_options)
{
    Allocator al(4*1024);
    LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
    LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
    {
        LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
        fl.in_filename = infile;
        lm.files.push_back(fl);
        std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
        lm.init_simple(input);
        lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
    }
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*> r = parse_python_file(
        al, runtime_library_dir, infile, diagnostics, 0, compiler_options.new_parser);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r.ok) {
        return 1;
    }
    LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t* ast = r.result;

    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        r1 = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", infile);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r1.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 2;
    }
    LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t* asr = r1.result;

    // Apply ASR passes
    LCompilers::PassOptions pass_options;
    pass_manager.use_default_passes(true);
    pass_options.run_fun = "f";
    pass_options.always_run = true;
    pass_options.verbose = compiler_options.verbose;

    pass_manager.apply_passes(al, asr, pass_options, diagnostics);

    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    auto res = LCompilers::asr_to_c(al, *asr, diagnostics, compiler_options, 0);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!res.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 3;
    }
    std::cout << res.result;
    return 0;
}

int emit_c_to_file(const std::string &infile, const std::string &outfile,
    const std::string &runtime_library_dir, LCompilers::PassManager& pass_manager,
    CompilerOptions &compiler_options)
{
    Allocator al(4*1024);
    LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
    LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
    {
        LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
        fl.in_filename = infile;
        lm.files.push_back(fl);
        std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
        lm.init_simple(input);
        lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
    }
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*> r = parse_python_file(
        al, runtime_library_dir, infile, diagnostics, 0, compiler_options.new_parser);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r.ok) {
        return 1;
    }
    LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t* ast = r.result;

    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        r1 = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", infile);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r1.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 2;
    }
    LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t* asr = r1.result;

     // Apply ASR passes
    LCompilers::PassOptions pass_options;
    pass_manager.use_default_passes(true);
    pass_options.run_fun = "f";
    pass_options.always_run = true;
    pass_options.verbose = compiler_options.verbose;

    pass_manager.apply_passes(al, asr, pass_options, diagnostics);

    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    auto res = LCompilers::asr_to_c(al, *asr, diagnostics, compiler_options, 0);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!res.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 3;
    }
    FILE *fp;
    fp = fopen(outfile.c_str(), "w");
    fputs(res.result.c_str(), fp);
    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}

int emit_wat(const std::string &infile,
    const std::string &runtime_library_dir,
    CompilerOptions &compiler_options)
{
    Allocator al(4*1024);
    LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
    LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
    {
        LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
        fl.in_filename = infile;
        lm.files.push_back(fl);
        std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
        lm.init_simple(input);
        lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
    }
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*> r = parse_python_file(
        al, runtime_library_dir, infile, diagnostics, 0, compiler_options.new_parser);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r.ok) {
        return 1;
    }
    LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t* ast = r.result;

    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        r1 = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", infile);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r1.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 2;
    }
    LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t* asr = r1.result;

    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::Vec<uint8_t>> r2 = LCompilers::asr_to_wasm_bytes_stream(*asr, al, diagnostics, compiler_options);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r2.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 3;
    }

    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    LCompilers::Result<std::string> res = LCompilers::wasm_to_wat(r2.result, al, diagnostics);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!res.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 4;
    }
    std::cout << res.result;
    return 0;
}

#ifdef HAVE_LFORTRAN_RAPIDJSON

int get_symbols (const std::string &infile,
   const std::string &runtime_library_dir,
   CompilerOptions &compiler_options) {
        Allocator al(4*1024);
        LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
        LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
        {
            LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
            fl.in_filename = infile;
            lm.files.push_back(fl);
            std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
            lm.init_simple(input);
            lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
        }
        LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*>
            r1 = parse_python_file(al, runtime_library_dir,
            infile, diagnostics, 0, compiler_options.new_parser);
        if (r1.ok) {
           LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t* ast = r1.result;
           LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
               x = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", infile);
           if (!x.ok) {
               std::cout << "{}\n";
               return 0;
           }
           std::vector<LCompilers::document_symbols> symbol_lists;
           LCompilers::document_symbols loc;
           for (auto &a : x.result->m_global_scope->get_scope()) {
               std::string symbol_name = a.first;
               uint32_t first_line;
               uint32_t last_line;
               uint32_t first_column;
               uint32_t last_column;
               std::string filename;
               lm.pos_to_linecol(a.second->base.loc.first, first_line,
                    first_column, filename);
               lm.pos_to_linecol(a.second->base.loc.last, last_line,
                    last_column, filename);
               loc.first_column = first_column;
               loc.last_column = last_column;
               loc.first_line = first_line-1;
               loc.last_line = last_line-1;
               loc.symbol_name = symbol_name;
               loc.filename = filename;
               symbol_lists.push_back(loc);
           }
           rapidjson::Document test_output(rapidjson::kArrayType);
           rapidjson::Document range_object(rapidjson::kObjectType);
           rapidjson::Document start_detail(rapidjson::kObjectType);
           rapidjson::Document end_detail(rapidjson::kObjectType);
           rapidjson::Document location_object(rapidjson::kObjectType);
           rapidjson::Document test_capture(rapidjson::kObjectType);

           test_output.SetArray();

           for (auto symbol : symbol_lists) {
               uint32_t start_character = symbol.first_column;
               uint32_t start_line = symbol.first_line;
               uint32_t end_character = symbol.last_column;
               uint32_t end_line = symbol.last_line;
               std::string name = symbol.symbol_name;

               range_object.SetObject();
               rapidjson::Document::AllocatorType &allocator = range_object.GetAllocator();

               start_detail.SetObject();
               start_detail.AddMember("character", rapidjson::Value().SetInt(start_character), allocator);
               start_detail.AddMember("line", rapidjson::Value().SetInt(start_line), allocator);
               range_object.AddMember("start", start_detail, allocator);

               end_detail.SetObject();
               end_detail.AddMember("character", rapidjson::Value().SetInt(end_character), allocator);
               end_detail.AddMember("line", rapidjson::Value().SetInt(end_line), allocator);
               range_object.AddMember("end", end_detail, allocator);

               location_object.SetObject();
               location_object.AddMember("range", range_object, allocator);
               location_object.AddMember("uri", rapidjson::Value().SetString("uri", allocator), allocator);

               test_capture.SetObject();
               test_capture.AddMember("kind", rapidjson::Value().SetInt(1), allocator);
               test_capture.AddMember("location", location_object, allocator);
               test_capture.AddMember("name", rapidjson::Value().SetString(name.c_str(), allocator), allocator);
               test_output.PushBack(test_capture, test_output.GetAllocator());
           }
           rapidjson::StringBuffer buffer;
           buffer.Clear();
           rapidjson::Writer<rapidjson::StringBuffer> writer(buffer);
           test_output.Accept(writer);
           std::string resp_str( buffer.GetString() );

           std::cout << resp_str;
       }
       else {
           std::cout << "{}\n";
       }

   return 0;
}


int get_errors (const std::string &infile,
    const std::string &runtime_library_dir,
    CompilerOptions &compiler_options) {
        Allocator al(4*1024);
        LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
        LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
        {
            LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
            fl.in_filename = infile;
            lm.files.push_back(fl);
            std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
            lm.init_simple(input);
            lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
        }
        LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*>
            r1 = parse_python_file(al, runtime_library_dir, infile,
                    diagnostics, 0, compiler_options.new_parser);
        if (r1.ok) {
            LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t* ast = r1.result;
            LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
                r = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", infile);
        }
        std::vector<LCompilers::error_highlight> diag_lists;
        LCompilers::error_highlight h;
        for (auto &d : diagnostics.diagnostics) {
            if (compiler_options.no_warnings && d.level != LCompilers::diag::Level::Error) {
                continue;
            }
            h.message = d.message;
            h.severity = d.level;
            for (auto label : d.labels) {
                for (auto span : label.spans) {
                    uint32_t first_line;
                    uint32_t first_column;
                    uint32_t last_line;
                    uint32_t last_column;
                    std::string filename;
                    lm.pos_to_linecol(span.loc.first, first_line, first_column,
                        filename);
                    lm.pos_to_linecol(span.loc.last, last_line, last_column,
                        filename);
                    h.first_column = first_column;
                    h.last_column = last_column;
                    h.first_line = first_line-1;
                    h.last_line = last_line-1;
                    h.filename = filename;
                    diag_lists.push_back(h);
                }
            }
        }
        rapidjson::Document range_obj(rapidjson::kObjectType);
        rapidjson::Document start_detail(rapidjson::kObjectType);
        rapidjson::Document end_detail(rapidjson::kObjectType);
        rapidjson::Document diag_results(rapidjson::kArrayType);
        rapidjson::Document diag_capture(rapidjson::kObjectType);
        rapidjson::Document message_send(rapidjson::kObjectType);

        for (auto diag : diag_lists) {
            uint32_t start_line = diag.first_line;
            uint32_t start_column = diag.first_column;
            uint32_t end_line = diag.last_line;
            uint32_t end_column = diag.last_column;
            uint32_t severity = diag.severity;
            std::string msg = diag.message;

            range_obj.SetObject();
            rapidjson::Document::AllocatorType &allocator = range_obj.GetAllocator();

            start_detail.SetObject();
            start_detail.AddMember("line", rapidjson::Value().SetInt(start_line), allocator);
            start_detail.AddMember("character", rapidjson::Value().SetInt(start_column), allocator);
            range_obj.AddMember("start", start_detail, allocator);

            end_detail.SetObject();
            end_detail.AddMember("line", rapidjson::Value().SetInt(end_line), allocator);
            end_detail.AddMember("character", rapidjson::Value().SetInt(end_column), allocator);
            range_obj.AddMember("end", end_detail, allocator);

            diag_results.SetArray();

            diag_capture.AddMember("source", rapidjson::Value().SetString("lpyth", allocator), allocator);
            diag_capture.AddMember("range", range_obj, allocator);
            diag_capture.AddMember("message", rapidjson::Value().SetString(msg.c_str(), allocator), allocator);
            diag_capture.AddMember("severity", rapidjson::Value().SetInt(severity), allocator);
            diag_results.PushBack(diag_capture, allocator);

            message_send.SetObject();
            message_send.AddMember("uri", rapidjson::Value().SetString("uri", allocator), allocator);
            message_send.AddMember("diagnostics", diag_results, allocator);
        }

        rapidjson::StringBuffer buffer;
        buffer.Clear();
        rapidjson::Writer<rapidjson::StringBuffer> writer(buffer);
        message_send.Accept(writer);
        std::string resp_str( buffer.GetString() );
        std::cout << resp_str;

    return 0;
}

#endif

void print_time_report(std::vector<std::pair<std::string, double>> &times, bool time_report) {
    if (time_report) {
        for (auto &stage :times) {
            std::cout << stage.first << ": " << stage.second << "ms" << std::endl;
        }
    }
}

#ifdef HAVE_LFORTRAN_LLVM

int emit_llvm(const std::string &infile,
    const std::string &runtime_library_dir,
    LCompilers::PassManager& pass_manager,
    CompilerOptions &compiler_options)
{
    Allocator al(4*1024);
    LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
    LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
    {
        LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
        fl.in_filename = infile;
        lm.files.push_back(fl);
        std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
        lm.init_simple(input);
        lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
    }
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*> r = parse_python_file(
        al, runtime_library_dir, infile, diagnostics, 0, compiler_options.new_parser);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r.ok) {
        return 1;
    }

    // Src -> AST -> ASR
    LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t* ast = r.result;
    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        r1 = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", infile);
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r1.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 2;
    }
    LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t* asr = r1.result;
    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();

    // ASR -> LLVM
    LCompilers::PythonCompiler fe(compiler_options);
    LCompilers::Result<std::unique_ptr<LCompilers::LLVMModule>>
        res = fe.get_llvm3(*asr, pass_manager, diagnostics, infile);
    if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) {
        if (!compiler_options.emit_debug_line_column) {
            diagnostics.add(LCompilers::diag::Diagnostic(
                "The `emit_debug_line_column` is not enabled; please use the "
                "`--debug-with-line-column` option to get the correct "
                "location information",
                LCompilers::diag::Level::Warning,
                LCompilers::diag::Stage::Semantic, {})
            );
        }
    }
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!res.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 3;
    }
    std::cout << (res.result)->str();
    return 0;
}

int compile_python_to_object_file(
        const std::string &infile,
        const std::string &outfile,
        const std::string &runtime_library_dir,
        LCompilers::PassManager& pass_manager,
        CompilerOptions &compiler_options,
        bool time_report, bool arg_c=false)
{
    Allocator al(4*1024);
    LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
    LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, double>>times;
    {
        LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
        fl.in_filename = infile;
        lm.files.push_back(fl);

        auto file_reading_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
        auto file_reading_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        times.push_back(std::make_pair("File reading", std::chrono::duration
            <double, std::milli>(file_reading_end - file_reading_start).count()));

        lm.init_simple(input);
        lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
    }
    auto parsing_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*> r = parse_python_file(
        al, runtime_library_dir, infile, diagnostics, 0, compiler_options.new_parser);
    auto parsing_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    times.push_back(std::make_pair("Parsing", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(parsing_end - parsing_start).count()));
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r.ok) {
        print_time_report(times, time_report);
        return 1;
    }

    // Src -> AST -> ASR
    LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t* ast = r.result;
    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    auto ast_to_asr_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        r1 = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *ast, diagnostics, compiler_options,
            !(arg_c && compiler_options.disable_main), "", infile);

    auto ast_to_asr_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    times.push_back(std::make_pair("AST to ASR", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(ast_to_asr_end - ast_to_asr_start).count()));
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r1.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        print_time_report(times, time_report);
        return 2;
    }
    LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t* asr = r1.result;
    if( compiler_options.disable_main ) {
        int err = LCompilers::LPython::save_pyc_files(*asr, infile);
        if( err ) {
            return err;
        }
    }
    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();

    // ASR -> LLVM
    LCompilers::PythonCompiler fe(compiler_options);
    LCompilers::LLVMEvaluator e(compiler_options.target);
    std::unique_ptr<LCompilers::LLVMModule> m;
    auto asr_to_llvm_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    LCompilers::Result<std::unique_ptr<LCompilers::LLVMModule>>
        res = fe.get_llvm3(*asr, pass_manager, diagnostics, infile);
    auto asr_to_llvm_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    times.push_back(std::make_pair("ASR to LLVM", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(asr_to_llvm_end - asr_to_llvm_start).count()));

    if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) {
#ifdef HAVE_RUNTIME_STACKTRACE
        if (!compiler_options.emit_debug_line_column) {
            diagnostics.add(LCompilers::diag::Diagnostic(
                "The `emit_debug_line_column` is not enabled; please use the "
                "`--debug-with-line-column` option to get the correct "
                "location information",
                LCompilers::diag::Level::Warning,
                LCompilers::diag::Stage::Semantic, {})
            );
        }
#else
    diagnostics.add(LCompilers::diag::Diagnostic(
        "The `runtime stacktrace` is not enabled. To get the stacktraces, "
        "re-build LPython with `-DWITH_RUNTIME_STACKTRACE=yes`",
        LCompilers::diag::Level::Warning,
        LCompilers::diag::Stage::Semantic, {})
    );
#endif
    }
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!res.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        print_time_report(times, time_report);
        return 3;
    }
    m = std::move(res.result);
    auto llvm_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    e.save_object_file(*(m->m_m), outfile);
    auto llvm_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    times.push_back(std::make_pair("LLVM to binary", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(llvm_end - llvm_start).count()));
    print_time_report(times, time_report);
    return 0;
}

#endif

void do_print_rtl_header_dir() {
    std::string rtl_header_dir = LCompilers::LPython::get_runtime_library_header_dir();
    std::cout << rtl_header_dir << std::endl;
}

void do_print_rtl_dir() {
    std::string rtl_dir = LCompilers::LPython::get_runtime_library_dir();
    std::cout << rtl_dir << std::endl;
}

int compile_to_binary_wasm(
        const std::string &infile,
        const std::string &outfile,
        const std::string &runtime_library_dir,
        CompilerOptions &compiler_options,
        bool time_report)
{
    Allocator al(4*1024);
    LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
    LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, double>>times;
    {
        LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
        fl.in_filename = infile;
        lm.files.push_back(fl);

        auto file_reading_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
        auto file_reading_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        times.push_back(std::make_pair("File reading", std::chrono::duration
            <double, std::milli>(file_reading_end - file_reading_start).count()));

        lm.init_simple(input);
        lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
    }
    auto parsing_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*> r = parse_python_file(
        al, runtime_library_dir, infile, diagnostics, 0, compiler_options.new_parser);
    auto parsing_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    times.push_back(std::make_pair("Parsing", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(parsing_end - parsing_start).count()));
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r.ok) {
        print_time_report(times, time_report);
        return 1;
    }

    // Src -> AST -> ASR
    LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t* ast = r.result;
    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    auto ast_to_asr_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        r1 = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", infile);
    auto ast_to_asr_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    times.push_back(std::make_pair("AST to ASR", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(ast_to_asr_end - ast_to_asr_start).count()));
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r1.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        print_time_report(times, time_report);
        return 2;
    }
    LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t* asr = r1.result;
    if( compiler_options.disable_main ) {
        int err = LCompilers::LPython::save_pyc_files(*asr, infile);
        if( err ) {
            return err;
        }
    }
    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();

    // ASR -> WASM
    auto asr_to_wasm_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    LCompilers::Result<int> res = LCompilers::asr_to_wasm(*asr, al,  outfile, time_report, diagnostics, compiler_options);
    auto asr_to_wasm_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    times.push_back(std::make_pair("ASR to WASM", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(asr_to_wasm_end - asr_to_wasm_start).count()));
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    print_time_report(times, time_report);
    if (!res.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 3;
    }
    return 0;
}

int compile_to_binary_x86(
        const std::string &infile,
        const std::string &outfile,
        const std::string &runtime_library_dir,
        CompilerOptions &compiler_options,
        bool time_report)
{
    Allocator al(4*1024);
    LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
    LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, double>>times;
    {
        LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
        fl.in_filename = infile;
        lm.files.push_back(fl);

        auto file_reading_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
        auto file_reading_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        times.push_back(std::make_pair("File reading", std::chrono::duration
            <double, std::milli>(file_reading_end - file_reading_start).count()));

        lm.init_simple(input);
        lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
    }
    auto parsing_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*> r = parse_python_file(
        al, runtime_library_dir, infile, diagnostics, 0, compiler_options.new_parser);
    auto parsing_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    times.push_back(std::make_pair("Parsing", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(parsing_end - parsing_start).count()));
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r.ok) {
        print_time_report(times, time_report);
        return 1;
    }

    // Src -> AST -> ASR
    LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t* ast = r.result;
    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    auto ast_to_asr_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        r1 = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", infile);
    auto ast_to_asr_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    times.push_back(std::make_pair("AST to ASR", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(ast_to_asr_end - ast_to_asr_start).count()));
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r1.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        print_time_report(times, time_report);
        return 2;
    }
    LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t* asr = r1.result;
    if( compiler_options.disable_main ) {
        int err = LCompilers::LPython::save_pyc_files(*asr, infile);
        if( err ) {
            return err;
        }
    }
    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();

    // ASR -> X86
    auto asr_to_x86_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    LCompilers::Result<int> r3 = LCompilers::asr_to_x86(*asr, al, outfile, time_report, diagnostics);
    auto asr_to_x86_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    times.push_back(std::make_pair("ASR to X86", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(asr_to_x86_end - asr_to_x86_start).count()));
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    print_time_report(times, time_report);
    if (!r3.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 3;
    }
    return 0;
}

int compile_to_binary_wasm_to_x86(
        const std::string &infile,
        const std::string &outfile,
        const std::string &runtime_library_dir,
        CompilerOptions &compiler_options,
        bool time_report,
        Backend backend)
{
    Allocator al(4*1024);
    LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics;
    LCompilers::LocationManager lm;
    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, double>>times;
    {
        LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl;
        fl.in_filename = infile;
        lm.files.push_back(fl);

        auto file_reading_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        std::string input = LCompilers::read_file(infile);
        auto file_reading_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        times.push_back(std::make_pair("File reading", std::chrono::duration
            <double, std::milli>(file_reading_end - file_reading_start).count()));

        lm.init_simple(input);
        lm.file_ends.push_back(input.size());
    }
    auto parsing_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*> r = parse_python_file(
        al, runtime_library_dir, infile, diagnostics, 0, compiler_options.new_parser);
    auto parsing_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    times.push_back(std::make_pair("Parsing", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(parsing_end - parsing_start).count()));
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r.ok) {
        print_time_report(times, time_report);
        return 1;
    }

    // Src -> AST -> ASR
    LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t* ast = r.result;
    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();
    auto ast_to_asr_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        r1 = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", infile);
    auto ast_to_asr_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    times.push_back(std::make_pair("AST to ASR", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(ast_to_asr_end - ast_to_asr_start).count()));
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r1.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        print_time_report(times, time_report);
        return 2;
    }
    LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t* asr = r1.result;
    if( compiler_options.disable_main ) {
        int err = LCompilers::LPython::save_pyc_files(*asr, infile);
        if( err ) {
            return err;
        }
    }
    diagnostics.diagnostics.clear();

    // ASR -> WASM
    auto asr_to_wasm_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::Vec<uint8_t>> r3 = LCompilers::asr_to_wasm_bytes_stream(*asr, al, diagnostics, compiler_options);
    auto asr_to_wasm_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
    times.push_back(std::make_pair("ASR to WASM", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(asr_to_wasm_end - asr_to_wasm_start).count()));
    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (!r3.ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        print_time_report(times, time_report);
        return 3;
    }

    bool is_result_ok;
    if (backend == Backend::wasm_x86) {
        // WASM -> X86
        auto wasm_to_x86_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        LCompilers::Result<int> res = LCompilers::wasm_to_x86(r3.result, al,  outfile, time_report, diagnostics);
        auto wasm_to_x86_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        times.push_back(std::make_pair("WASM to X86", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(wasm_to_x86_end - wasm_to_x86_start).count()));
        is_result_ok = res.ok;
    } else {
        // WASM -> X64
        auto wasm_to_x64_start = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        LCompilers::Result<int> res = LCompilers::wasm_to_x64(r3.result, al,  outfile, time_report, diagnostics);
        auto wasm_to_x64_end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
        times.push_back(std::make_pair("WASM to X64", std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(wasm_to_x64_end - wasm_to_x64_start).count()));
        is_result_ok = res.ok;
    }

    std::cerr << diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    print_time_report(times, time_report);
    if (!is_result_ok) {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(diagnostics.has_error())
        return 4;
    }
    return 0;
}

// infile is an object file
// outfile will become the executable
int link_executable(const std::vector<std::string> &infiles,
    const std::string &outfile,
    const std::string &runtime_library_dir, Backend backend,
    bool static_executable, bool kokkos,
    CompilerOptions &compiler_options, const std::string &rtlib_header_dir)
{
    /*
    The `gcc` line for dynamic linking that is constructed below:

    gcc -o $outfile $infile \
        -Lsrc/runtime -Wl,-rpath=src/runtime -llpython_runtime

    is equivalent to the following:

    ld -o $outfile $infile \
        -Lsrc/runtime -rpath=src/runtime -llpython_runtime \
        -dynamic-linker /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2  \
        /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so

    and this for static linking:

    gcc -static -o $outfile $infile \
        -Lsrc/runtime -Wl,-rpath=src/runtime -llpython_runtime_static

    is equivalent to:

    ld -o $outfile $infile \
        -Lsrc/runtime -rpath=src/runtime -llpython_runtime_static \
        /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o \
        /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.a \
        /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/7/libgcc_eh.a \
        /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.a \
        /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/7/libgcc.a \
        /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o

    This was tested on Ubuntu 18.04.

    The `gcc` and `ld` approaches are equivalent except:

    1. The `gcc` command knows how to find and link the `libc` library,
       while in `ld` we must do that manually
    2. For dynamic linking, we must also specify the dynamic linker for `ld`

    Notes:

    * We can use `lld` to do the linking via the `ld` approach, so `ld` is
      preferable if we can mitigate the issues 1. and 2.
    * If we ship our own libc (such as musl), then we know how to find it
      and link it, which mitigates the issue 1.
    * If we link `musl` statically, then issue 2. does not apply.
    * If we link `musl` dynamically, then we have to find the dynamic
      linker (doable), which mitigates the issue 2.

    One way to find the default dynamic linker is by:

        $ readelf -e /bin/bash | grep ld-linux
            [Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]

    There are probably simpler ways.
    */

#ifdef HAVE_LFORTRAN_LLVM
    std::string t = (compiler_options.target == "") ? LCompilers::LLVMEvaluator::get_default_target_triple() : compiler_options.target;
#else
    std::string t = (compiler_options.platform == LCompilers::Platform::Windows) ? "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc" : compiler_options.target;
#endif

    if (backend == Backend::llvm) {
        if (t == "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc") {
            std::string cmd = "link /NOLOGO /OUT:" + outfile + " ";
            for (auto &s : infiles) {
                cmd += s + " ";
            }
            cmd += runtime_library_dir + "\\lpython_runtime_static.lib > NUL";
            int err = system(cmd.c_str());
            if (err) {
                std::cout << "The command '" + cmd + "' failed." << std::endl;
                return 10;
            }
        } else {
            std::string CC = "cc";
            char *env_CC = std::getenv("LFORTRAN_CC");
            if (env_CC) CC = env_CC;
            std::string base_path = "\"" + runtime_library_dir + "\"";
            std::string options;
            std::string runtime_lib = "lpython_runtime";
            if (static_executable) {
                if (compiler_options.platform != LCompilers::Platform::macOS_Intel
                && compiler_options.platform != LCompilers::Platform::macOS_ARM) {
                    options += " -static ";
                }
                runtime_lib = "lpython_runtime_static";
            }
            std::string cmd = CC + options + " -o " + outfile + " ";
            for (auto &s : infiles) {
                cmd += s + " ";
            }
            cmd += + " -L"
                + base_path + " -Wl,-rpath," + base_path + " -l" + runtime_lib + " -lm";
            int err = system(cmd.c_str());
            if (err) {
                std::cout << "The command '" + cmd + "' failed." << std::endl;
                return 10;
            }
        }
        return 0;
    } else if (backend == Backend::cpp) {
        std::string CXX = "g++";
        std::string options, post_options;
        if (static_executable) {
            options += " -static ";
        }
        if (compiler_options.openmp) {
            options += " -fopenmp ";
        }
        if (kokkos) {
            std::string kokkos_dir = get_kokkos_dir();
            post_options += kokkos_dir + "/lib/libkokkoscontainers.a "
                + kokkos_dir + "/lib/libkokkoscore.a -ldl";
        }
        std::string cmd = CXX + options + " -o " + outfile + " ";
        for (auto &s : infiles) {
            cmd += s + " ";
        }
        cmd += " -L";
        cmd += " " + post_options + " -lm";
        int err = system(cmd.c_str());
        if (err) {
            std::cout << "The command '" + cmd + "' failed." << std::endl;
            return 10;
        }
        return 0;
    } else if (backend == Backend::c) {
        std::string CXX = "gcc";
        std::string cmd = CXX + " -o " + outfile + " ";
        std::string base_path = "\"" + runtime_library_dir + "\"";
        std::string runtime_lib = "lpython_runtime";
        for (auto &s : infiles) {
            cmd += s + " ";
        }
        cmd += " -I " + rtlib_header_dir;
        if (compiler_options.enable_symengine) {
            cmd += " -I${CONDA_PREFIX}/include";
        }
        cmd += " -L" + base_path
            + " -Wl,-rpath," + base_path + " -l" + runtime_lib + " -lm";
        if (compiler_options.enable_symengine) {
            cmd += " -L$CONDA_PREFIX/lib -Wl,-rpath -Wl,$CONDA_PREFIX/lib -lsymengine";
        }
        if (compiler_options.enable_cpython) {
            std::string py_version = "3.10";
            std::string py_flags = R"(-I $CONDA_PREFIX/include/python)" + py_version + R"( -L$CONDA_PREFIX/lib -Wl,-rpath -Wl,$CONDA_PREFIX/lib -lpython)" + py_version + R"()";
            if (compiler_options.link_numpy) {
                py_flags += R"( -I$CONDA_PREFIX/lib/python)" + py_version + R"(/site-packages/numpy/core/include)";
            }
            cmd += " " + py_flags;
        }
        int err = system(cmd.c_str());
        if (err) {
            std::cout << "The command '" + cmd + "' failed." << std::endl;
            return 10;
        }
        return 0;
    } else if (backend == Backend::x86) {
        std::string cmd = "cp " + infiles[0] + " " + outfile;
        int err = system(cmd.c_str());
        if (err) {
            std::cout << "The command '" + cmd + "' failed." << std::endl;
            return 10;
        }
        return 0;
    } else {
        LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
        return 1;
    }
}

// int emit_c_preprocessor(const std::string &infile, CompilerOptions &compiler_options)
// {
//     std::string input = read_file(infile);
//
//     LFortran::CPreprocessor cpp(compiler_options);
//     LFortran::LocationManager lm;
//     lm.in_filename = infile;
//     std::string s = cpp.run(input, lm, cpp.macro_definitions);
//     std::cout << s;
//     return 0;
// }

} // anonymous namespace

#ifdef HAVE_BUILD_TO_WASM

namespace wasm {

#define INITIALIZE_VARS CompilerOptions compiler_options; \
                        compiler_options.use_colors = true; \
                        compiler_options.indent = true; \
                        Allocator al(4*1024); \
                        LCompilers::diag::Diagnostics diagnostics; \
                        LCompilers::LocationManager lm; \
                        { \
                            LCompilers::LocationManager::FileLocations fl; \
                            fl.in_filename = "input.txt"; \
                            std::ofstream out("input.txt"); \
                            out << input; \
                            lm.files.push_back(fl); \
                            lm.init_simple(std::string(input)); \
                            lm.file_ends.push_back(strlen(input)); \
                        }



std::string out;

extern "C" { // using extern "C" to prevent function name mangling

EMSCRIPTEN_KEEPALIVE char* emit_ast_from_source(char *input) {
    INITIALIZE_VARS;
    lm.init_simple(input);
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::Module_t*> ast = LCompilers::LPython::parse(al, input, 0, diagnostics);
    out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (ast.ok) {
        auto casted_ast = (LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*)ast.result;
        out += LCompilers::LPython::pickle_python(*casted_ast,
            compiler_options.use_colors, compiler_options.indent);
    }
    return &out[0];
}

EMSCRIPTEN_KEEPALIVE char* emit_asr_from_source(char *input) {
    INITIALIZE_VARS;
    lm.init_simple(input);
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::Module_t*> ast = LCompilers::LPython::parse(al, input, 0, diagnostics);
    out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (ast.ok) {
        auto casted_ast = (LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*)ast.result;
        LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        asr = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *casted_ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", "input");
        out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
        if (asr.ok) {
            out += LCompilers::LPython::pickle(*asr.result, compiler_options.use_colors, compiler_options.indent,
                false /* with_intrinsic_modules */);
        }
    }
    return &out[0];
}

EMSCRIPTEN_KEEPALIVE char* emit_wat_from_source(char *input) {
    INITIALIZE_VARS;
    lm.init_simple(input);
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::Module_t*> ast = LCompilers::LPython::parse(al, input, 0, diagnostics);
    out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (ast.ok) {
        auto casted_ast = (LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*)ast.result;
        LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        asr = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *casted_ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", "input");
        out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
        if (asr.ok) {
            LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::Vec<uint8_t>>
            wasm = LCompilers::asr_to_wasm_bytes_stream(*asr.result, al, diagnostics, compiler_options);
            out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
            if (wasm.ok) {
                LCompilers::Result<std::string>
                wat = LCompilers::wasm_to_wat(wasm.result, al, diagnostics);
                out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
                if (wat.ok) {
                    out += wat.result;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return &out[0];
}

EMSCRIPTEN_KEEPALIVE char* emit_cpp_from_source(char *input) {
    INITIALIZE_VARS;
    lm.init_simple(input);
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::Module_t*> ast = LCompilers::LPython::parse(al, input, 0, diagnostics);
    out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (ast.ok) {
        auto casted_ast = (LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*)ast.result;
        LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        asr = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *casted_ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", "input");
        out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
        if (asr.ok) {
            auto res = LCompilers::asr_to_cpp(al, *asr.result, diagnostics,
                compiler_options, 0);
            out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
            if (res.ok) {
                out += res.result;
            }
        }
    }
    return &out[0];
}

// EMSCRIPTEN_KEEPALIVE char* emit_c_from_source(char *input) {
//     INITIALIZE_VARS;
//     LCompilers::Result<std::string> r = fe.get_c(input, lm, diagnostics, 1);
//     out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
//     if (r.ok) { out += r.result; }
//     return &out[0];
// }

// EMSCRIPTEN_KEEPALIVE char* emit_py_from_source(char *input) {
//     INITIALIZE_VARS;
//     LCompilers::Result<std::string> r = fe.get_py(input, lm, diagnostics);
//     out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
//     if (r.ok) { out += r.result; }
//     return &out[0];
// }

EMSCRIPTEN_KEEPALIVE char* emit_wasm_from_source(char *input) {
    INITIALIZE_VARS;
    lm.init_simple(input);
    LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::LPython::AST::Module_t*> ast = LCompilers::LPython::parse(al, input, 0, diagnostics);
    out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    if (ast.ok) {
        auto casted_ast = (LCompilers::LPython::AST::ast_t*)ast.result;
        LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::ASR::TranslationUnit_t*>
        asr = LCompilers::LPython::python_ast_to_asr(al, lm, nullptr, *casted_ast, diagnostics, compiler_options, true, "", "input");
        out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
        if (asr.ok) {
            LCompilers::Result<LCompilers::Vec<uint8_t>>
            wasm = LCompilers::asr_to_wasm_bytes_stream(*asr.result, al, diagnostics, compiler_options);
            out = diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
            if (wasm.ok) {
                out = "0"; // exit code
                for (size_t i = 0; i < wasm.result.size(); i++) {
                    out += "," + std::to_string(wasm.result[i]);
                }
                return &out[0];
            }
        }
    }
    out = "1"; // non-zero exit code
    out += "," + diagnostics.render(lm, compiler_options);
    return &out[0];
}

}

} // namespace wasm

#endif

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    LCompilers::initialize();
#if defined(HAVE_LFORTRAN_STACKTRACE)
    LCompilers::print_stack_on_segfault();
#endif
    try {
        int dirname_length;
        LCompilers::LPython::get_executable_path(LCompilers::binary_executable_path, dirname_length);

        std::string runtime_library_dir = LCompilers::LPython::get_runtime_library_dir();
        std::string rtlib_header_dir = LCompilers::LPython::get_runtime_library_header_dir();
        Backend backend;

        bool arg_S = false;
        bool arg_c = false;
        bool arg_v = false;
        // bool arg_E = false;
        // std::string arg_J;
        // std::vector<std::string> arg_I;
        // std::vector<std::string> arg_l;
        // std::vector<std::string> arg_L;
        std::vector<std::string> arg_files;
        bool arg_version = false;
        bool show_tokens = false;
        bool show_ast = false;
        bool show_asr = false;
        bool show_cpp = false;
        bool show_c = false;
        bool show_document_symbols = false;
        bool show_errors = false;
        bool with_intrinsic_modules = false;
        std::string arg_pass;
        std::string skip_pass;
        bool arg_no_color = false;
        bool arg_no_indent = false;
        bool show_llvm = false;
        bool show_asm = false;
        bool show_wat = false;
        bool time_report = false;
        bool static_link = false;
        std::string arg_backend = "llvm";
        std::string arg_kernel_f;
        bool print_targets = false;
        bool print_rtl_header_dir = false;
        bool print_rtl_dir = false;
        bool separate_compilation = false;

        std::string arg_fmt_file;
        // int arg_fmt_indent = 4;
        // bool arg_fmt_indent_unit = false;
        // bool arg_fmt_inplace = false;
        // bool arg_fmt_no_color = false;

        std::string arg_mod_file;
        // bool arg_mod_show_asr = false;
        // bool arg_mod_no_color = false;

        std::string arg_pywrap_file;
        std::string arg_pywrap_array_order="f";

        CompilerOptions compiler_options;
        LCompilers::PassManager lpython_pass_manager;

        CLI::App app{"LPython: modern interactive LLVM-based Python compiler"};
        // Standard options compatible with gfortran, gcc or clang
        // We follow the established conventions
        app.add_option("files", arg_files, "Source files");
        // Should the following Options required for LPython??
        // Instead we need support all the options from Python 3
        app.add_flag("-S", arg_S, "Emit assembly, do not assemble or link");
        app.add_flag("-c", arg_c, "Compile and assemble, do not link");
        app.add_option("-o", compiler_options.arg_o, "Specify the file to place the output into");
        app.add_flag("-v", arg_v, "Be more verbose");
        // app.add_flag("-E", arg_E, "Preprocess only; do not compile, assemble or link");
        // app.add_option("-l", arg_l, "Link library option");
        // app.add_option("-L", arg_L, "Library path option");
        app.add_option("-I", compiler_options.import_paths, "Specify the paths"
            "to look for the module")->allow_extra_args(false);
        // app.add_option("-J", arg_J, "Where to save mod files");
        app.add_flag("-g", compiler_options.emit_debug_info, "Compile with debugging information");
        app.add_flag("--debug-with-line-column", compiler_options.emit_debug_line_column,
            "Convert the linear location info into line + column in the debugging information");
        // app.add_option("-D", compiler_options.c_preprocessor_defines, "Define <macro>=<value> (or 1 if <value> omitted)")->allow_extra_args(false);
        app.add_flag("--version", arg_version, "Display compiler version information");

        // LPython specific options
        app.add_flag("--cpp", compiler_options.c_preprocessor, "Enable C preprocessing");
        app.add_flag("--show-tokens", show_tokens, "Show tokens for the given python file and exit");
        app.add_flag("--new-parser", compiler_options.new_parser, "Use the new LPython parser");
        app.add_flag("--show-ast", show_ast, "Show AST for the given python file and exit");
        app.add_flag("--show-asr", show_asr, "Show ASR for the given python file and exit");
        app.add_flag("--show-llvm", show_llvm, "Show LLVM IR for the given file and exit");
        app.add_flag("--show-cpp", show_cpp, "Show C++ translation source for the given python file and exit");
        app.add_flag("--show-c", show_c, "Show C translation source for the given python file and exit");
        app.add_flag("--show-asm", show_asm, "Show assembly for the given file and exit");
        app.add_flag("--show-wat", show_wat, "Show WAT (WebAssembly Text Format) and exit");
        app.add_flag("--show-stacktrace", compiler_options.show_stacktrace, "Show internal stacktrace on compiler errors");
        app.add_flag("--with-intrinsic-mods", with_intrinsic_modules, "Show intrinsic modules in ASR");
        app.add_flag("--no-color", arg_no_color, "Turn off colored AST/ASR");
        app.add_flag("--no-indent", arg_no_indent, "Turn off Indented print ASR/AST");
        app.add_flag("--tree", compiler_options.tree, "Tree structure print ASR/AST");
        app.add_flag("--json", compiler_options.json, "Print ASR/AST Json format");
        app.add_flag("--visualize", compiler_options.visualize, "Print ASR/AST Visualization");
        app.add_option("--pass", arg_pass, "Apply the ASR pass and show ASR (implies --show-asr)");
        app.add_option("--skip-pass", skip_pass, "Skip an ASR pass in default pipeline");
        app.add_flag("--disable-main", compiler_options.disable_main, "Do not generate any code for the `main` function");
        app.add_flag("--symtab-only", compiler_options.symtab_only, "Only create symbol tables in ASR (skip executable stmt)");
        app.add_flag("--time-report", time_report, "Show compilation time report");
        app.add_flag("--static", static_link, "Create a static executable");
        app.add_flag("--no-warnings", compiler_options.no_warnings, "Turn off all warnings");
        app.add_flag("--no-error-banner", compiler_options.no_error_banner, "Turn off error banner");
        app.add_option("--backend", arg_backend, "Select a backend (llvm, cpp, x86, wasm, wasm_x86, wasm_x64)")->capture_default_str();
        app.add_flag("--enable-bounds-checking", compiler_options.enable_bounds_checking, "Turn on index bounds checking");
        app.add_flag("--openmp", compiler_options.openmp, "Enable openmp");
        app.add_flag("--fast", compiler_options.fast, "Best performance (disable strict standard compliance)");
        app.add_option("--target", compiler_options.target, "Generate code for the given target")->capture_default_str();
        app.add_flag("--print-targets", print_targets, "Print the registered targets");
        app.add_flag("--get-rtl-header-dir", print_rtl_header_dir, "Print the path to the runtime library header file");
        app.add_flag("--get-rtl-dir", print_rtl_dir, "Print the path to the runtime library file");
        app.add_flag("--verbose", compiler_options.verbose, "Print debugging statements");
        app.add_flag("--enable-cpython", compiler_options.enable_cpython, "Enable CPython runtime");
        app.add_flag("--enable-symengine", compiler_options.enable_symengine, "Enable Symengine runtime");
        app.add_flag("--link-numpy", compiler_options.link_numpy, "Enable NumPy runtime (implies --enable-cpython)");

        // LSP specific options
        app.add_flag("--show-errors", show_errors, "Show errors when LSP is running in the background");
        app.add_flag("--show-document-symbols", show_document_symbols, "Show symbols in lpython file");
        app.add_flag("--separate-compilation", separate_compilation, "Generates unique names for all the symbols");
        /*
        * Subcommands:
        */

        // fmt: Should LPython support `fmt` subcommand??
        // CLI::App &fmt = *app.add_subcommand("fmt", "Format Fortran source files.");
        // fmt.add_option("file", arg_fmt_file, "Fortran source file to format")->required();
        // fmt.add_flag("-i", arg_fmt_inplace, "Modify <file> in-place (instead of writing to stdout)");
        // fmt.add_option("--spaces", arg_fmt_indent, "Number of spaces to use for indentation")->capture_default_str();
        // fmt.add_flag("--indent-unit", arg_fmt_indent_unit, "Indent contents of sub / fn / prog / mod");
        // fmt.add_flag("--no-color", arg_fmt_no_color, "Turn off color when writing to stdout");

        // kernel
        CLI::App &kernel = *app.add_subcommand("kernel", "Run in Jupyter kernel mode.");
        kernel.add_option("-f", arg_kernel_f, "The kernel connection file")->required();

        // mod
        // CLI::App &mod = *app.add_subcommand("mod", "Fortran mod file utilities.");
        // mod.add_option("file", arg_mod_file, "Mod file (*.mod)")->required();
        // mod.add_flag("--show-asr", arg_mod_show_asr, "Show ASR for the module");
        // mod.add_flag("--no-color", arg_mod_no_color, "Turn off colored ASR");

        // pywrap
        CLI::App &pywrap = *app.add_subcommand("pywrap", "Python wrapper generator");
        pywrap.add_option("file", arg_pywrap_file, "Fortran source file (*.f90)")->required();
        pywrap.add_option("--array-order", arg_pywrap_array_order,
                "Select array order (c, f)")->capture_default_str();

        app.get_formatter()->column_width(25);
        app.require_subcommand(0, 1);
        CLI11_PARSE(app, argc, argv);

        lcompilers_unique_ID = separate_compilation ? LCompilers::get_unique_ID(): "";


        if( compiler_options.fast && compiler_options.enable_bounds_checking ) {
        // ReleaseSafe Mode
        } else if ( compiler_options.fast ) {
        // Release Mode
            lpython_pass_manager.use_optimization_passes();
        } else {
        // Debug Mode
            compiler_options.enable_bounds_checking = true;
        }

        if (compiler_options.link_numpy) {
            compiler_options.enable_cpython = true;
        }

        if (arg_version) {
            std::string version = LFORTRAN_VERSION;
            std::cout << "LPython version: " << version << std::endl;
            std::cout << "Platform: " << pf2s(compiler_options.platform) << std::endl;
#ifdef HAVE_LFORTRAN_LLVM
            std::cout << "Default target: " << LCompilers::LLVMEvaluator::get_default_target_triple() << std::endl;
#endif
            return 0;
        }

        if (print_targets) {
#ifdef HAVE_LFORTRAN_LLVM
            LCompilers::LLVMEvaluator::print_targets();
            return 0;
#else
            std::cerr << "The --print-targets option requires the LLVM backend to be enabled. Recompile with `WITH_LLVM=yes`." << std::endl;
            return 1;
#endif
        }

        if (print_rtl_header_dir) {
            do_print_rtl_header_dir();
            return 0;
        }

        if (print_rtl_dir) {
            do_print_rtl_dir();
            return 0;
        }

        compiler_options.use_colors = !arg_no_color;
        compiler_options.indent = !arg_no_indent;

        // if (fmt) {
        //     return format(arg_fmt_file, arg_fmt_inplace, !arg_fmt_no_color,
        //         arg_fmt_indent, arg_fmt_indent_unit, compiler_options);
        // }

        if (kernel) {
            std::cerr << "The kernel subcommand is not implemented yet for LPython." << std::endl;
            return 1;
        }

        // if (mod) {
        //     if (arg_mod_show_asr) {
        //         Allocator al(1024*1024);
        //         LFortran::ASR::TranslationUnit_t *asr;
        //         asr = LFortran::mod_to_asr(al, arg_mod_file);
        //         std::cout << LFortran::pickle(*asr, !arg_mod_no_color) << std::endl;
        //         return 0;
        //     }
        //     return 0;
        // }

        if (pywrap) {
            std::cerr << "Pywrap is not implemented yet." << std::endl;
            return 1;
        }

        if (arg_backend == "llvm") {
            backend = Backend::llvm;
        } else if (arg_backend == "c") {
            backend = Backend::c;
        } else if (arg_backend == "cpp") {
            backend = Backend::cpp;
        } else if (arg_backend == "x86") {
            backend = Backend::x86;
        } else if (arg_backend == "wasm") {
            backend = Backend::wasm;
        } else if (arg_backend == "wasm_x86") {
            backend = Backend::wasm_x86;
        } else if (arg_backend == "wasm_x64") {
            backend = Backend::wasm_x64;
        } else {
            std::cerr << "The backend must be one of: llvm, c, cpp, x86, wasm, wasm_x86, wasm_x64." << std::endl;
            return 1;
        }

        if (arg_files.size() == 0) {
            std::cerr << "Interactive prompt is not implemented yet in LPython" << std::endl;
            return 1;
        }

        // TODO: for now we ignore the other filenames, only handle
        // the first:
        std::string arg_file = arg_files[0];
        if (CLI::NonexistentPath(arg_file).empty()){
            throw LCompilers::LCompilersException("No such file or directory: " + arg_file);
        }

        std::string outfile;
        std::string basename;
        basename = remove_extension(arg_file);
        basename = remove_path(basename);
        if (compiler_options.arg_o.size() > 0) {
            outfile = compiler_options.arg_o;
        } else if (arg_S) {
            outfile = basename + ".s";
        } else if (arg_c) {
            outfile = basename + ".o";
        } else if (show_tokens) {
            outfile = basename + ".tok";
        } else if (show_ast) {
            outfile = basename + ".ast";
        } else if (show_asr) {
            outfile = basename + ".asr";
        } else if (show_llvm) {
            outfile = basename + ".ll";
        } else if (show_wat) {
            outfile = basename + ".wat";
        } else {
            outfile = basename + ".out";
        }

        // if (arg_E) {
        //     return emit_c_preprocessor(arg_file, compiler_options);
        // }

        lpython_pass_manager.parse_pass_arg(arg_pass, skip_pass);
        if (show_tokens) {
            return emit_tokens(arg_file, true, compiler_options);
        }
        if (show_ast) {
            return emit_ast(arg_file, runtime_library_dir, compiler_options);
        }
        if (show_asr) {
            return emit_asr(arg_file, lpython_pass_manager, runtime_library_dir,
                    with_intrinsic_modules, compiler_options);
        }
        if (show_cpp) {
            return emit_cpp(arg_file, runtime_library_dir, compiler_options);
        }
        if (show_c) {
            return emit_c(arg_file, runtime_library_dir, lpython_pass_manager,
                            compiler_options);
        }
        if (show_wat) {
            return emit_wat(arg_file, runtime_library_dir, compiler_options);
        }
        if (show_document_symbols) {
#ifdef HAVE_LFORTRAN_RAPIDJSON
            return get_symbols(arg_file, runtime_library_dir, compiler_options);
#else
            std::cerr << "Compiler was not built with LSP support (-DWITH_LSP), please build it again." << std::endl;
            return 1;
#endif
       }

        if (show_errors) {
#ifdef HAVE_LFORTRAN_RAPIDJSON
            return get_errors(arg_file, runtime_library_dir, compiler_options);
#else
            std::cerr << "Compiler was not configured with LSP support (-DWITH_LSP), please build it again." << std::endl;
            return 1;
#endif
        }
        lpython_pass_manager.use_default_passes();
        if (show_llvm) {
#ifdef HAVE_LFORTRAN_LLVM
            return emit_llvm(arg_file, runtime_library_dir, lpython_pass_manager, compiler_options);
#else
            std::cerr << "The --show-llvm option requires the LLVM backend to be enabled. Recompile with `WITH_LLVM=yes`." << std::endl;
            return 1;
#endif
        }
        if (show_asm) {
            std::cerr << "The --show-asm option is not implemented yet." << std::endl;
            return 1;
        }
        if (arg_S) {
            if (backend == Backend::llvm) {
                std::cerr << "The -S option is not implemented yet for the LLVM backend." << std::endl;
                return 1;
            } else if (backend == Backend::cpp) {
                std::cerr << "The C++ backend does not work with the -S option yet." << std::endl;
                return 1;
            } else {
                LCOMPILERS_ASSERT(false);
            }
        }

        if (arg_c) {
            if (backend == Backend::llvm) {
#ifdef HAVE_LFORTRAN_LLVM
                return compile_python_to_object_file(arg_file, outfile, runtime_library_dir, lpython_pass_manager, compiler_options, time_report,
                                                     arg_c);
#else
                std::cerr << "The -c option requires the LLVM backend to be enabled. Recompile with `WITH_LLVM=yes`." << std::endl;
                return 1;
#endif
            } else {
                throw LCompilers::LCompilersException("Unsupported backend.");
            }
        }

        if (endswith(arg_file, ".py"))
        {
            int err = 0;
            if (backend == Backend::x86) {
                err = compile_to_binary_x86(arg_file, outfile,
                        runtime_library_dir, compiler_options, time_report);
            } else if (backend == Backend::wasm) {
                err = compile_to_binary_wasm(arg_file, outfile,
                        runtime_library_dir, compiler_options, time_report);
            } else if (backend == Backend::wasm_x86 || backend == Backend::wasm_x64) {
                err = compile_to_binary_wasm_to_x86(arg_file, outfile,
                        runtime_library_dir, compiler_options, time_report, backend);
            } else if (backend == Backend::c) {
                std::string emit_file_name = basename + "__tmp__generated__.c";
                err = emit_c_to_file(arg_file, emit_file_name, runtime_library_dir,
                                        lpython_pass_manager, compiler_options);
                if (err != 0) return err;
                err = link_executable({emit_file_name}, outfile, runtime_library_dir,
                    backend, static_link, true, compiler_options, rtlib_header_dir);
            } else if (backend == Backend::llvm) {
#ifdef HAVE_LFORTRAN_LLVM
                std::string tmp_o = outfile + ".tmp.o";
                err = compile_python_to_object_file(arg_file, tmp_o, runtime_library_dir,
                    lpython_pass_manager, compiler_options, time_report);
                if (err != 0) return err;
                err = link_executable({tmp_o}, outfile, runtime_library_dir,
                    backend, static_link, true, compiler_options, rtlib_header_dir);

#ifdef HAVE_RUNTIME_STACKTRACE
                if (compiler_options.emit_debug_info) {
                    // TODO: Replace the following hardcoded part
                    std::string cmd = "";
#ifdef HAVE_LFORTRAN_MACHO
                    cmd += "dsymutil " + basename + ".out && llvm-dwarfdump --debug-line "
                        + basename + ".out.dSYM > ";
#else
                    cmd += "llvm-dwarfdump --debug-line " + basename + ".out > ";
#endif
                    cmd += basename + "_ldd.txt && (cd src/bin; ./dwarf_convert.py ../../"
                        + basename + "_ldd.txt ../../" + basename + "_lines.txt ../../"
                        + basename + "_lines.dat && ./dat_convert.py ../../"
                        + basename + "_lines.dat)";
                    int status = system(cmd.c_str());
                    if ( status != 0 ) {
                        std::cerr << "Error in creating the files used to generate "
                            "the debug information. This might be caused because either"
                            "`llvm-dwarfdump` or `Python` are not available. "
                            "Please activate the CONDA environment and compile again.\n";
                        return status;
                    }
                }
#endif
#else
                std::cerr << "Compiling Python files to object files requires the LLVM backend to be enabled. Recompile with `WITH_LLVM=yes`." << std::endl;
                return 1;
#endif
            } else {
                throw LCompilers::LCompilersException("Unsupported backend.");
            }
            if (err != 0) return err;
            if (compiler_options.arg_o == "") {
                if (backend == Backend::wasm) {
                    err = system(("node --experimental-wasi-unstable-preview1 " + outfile +".js").c_str());
                } else {
                    if (compiler_options.platform == LCompilers::Platform::Windows) {
                        return system(outfile.c_str());
                    } else {
                        err = system(("./" + outfile).c_str());
                    }
                }
                if (err != 0) {
                    if (0 < err && err < 256) {
                        return err;
                    } else {
                        return LCompilers::LPython::get_exit_status(err);
                    }
                }
            }
            return 0;
        } else {
            return link_executable(arg_files, outfile, runtime_library_dir,
                    backend, static_link, true, compiler_options, rtlib_header_dir);
        }
    } catch(const LCompilers::LCompilersException &e) {
        std::cerr << "Internal Compiler Error: Unhandled exception" << std::endl;
        std::vector<LCompilers::StacktraceItem> d = e.stacktrace_addresses();
        get_local_addresses(d);
        get_local_info(d);
        std::cerr << stacktrace2str(d, LCompilers::stacktrace_depth);
        std::cerr << e.name() + ": " << e.msg() << std::endl;
        return 1;
    } catch(const std::runtime_error &e) {
        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
        return 1;
    } catch(const std::exception &e) {
        std::cerr << "std::exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
        return 1;
    } catch(...) {
        std::cerr << "Unknown Exception" << std::endl;
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}